Sylvia Earle, a marine biologist with a career spanning back to the 1950s, has become a leading figure in ocean exploration and conservation. Having achieved milestones such as the deepest untethered walk underwater and being the first female chief scientist at NOAA, Earle remains dedicated to her work as she approaches her 90th birthday in August. Her current project, Mission Blue, focuses on establishing a global network of marine protected areas called “Hope Spots,” which now includes the Chesapeake Bay as of June 2. TIME interviewed Earle in May following her dive in the nation’s largest estuary.
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
TIME: How have you seen ocean conservation change over the years?
EARLE: We have gained a greater understanding of the ocean, the planet, and ourselves.
When I was younger, space exploration and deep-sea exploration were nonexistent for humans, and the internet was not yet invented. Consider the gaps in our knowledge, particularly regarding the microbial world and its extensive impact. This understanding was absent from our comprehension of the world’s operations. We have expanded our knowledge of the scale of climate change and our involvement in it. In many ways, we have experienced greater losses than in previous times.
What is the most critical problem facing our oceans today?
A lack of knowledge, indifference, and insufficient understanding of the ocean’s crucial importance to everyone at all times. We depend on the ocean for every breath and every drop of water.
Our survival depends on the living creatures within the ocean, which predates humanity. These organisms have spent billions of years refining the Earth into a habitable planet. The ocean, comprising 97% of the Earth’s water, is critical to life.
It appears illogical to take nature for granted, especially considering the extensive period required for natural systems to develop to a point where we can thrive.
We possess the knowledge required. At this crucial moment, we must utilize what we know and collaborate. The planet’s condition and habitability affect everyone. The basics of survival, such as air, water, and food, rely on protecting our home planet. While Mars colonization is an interesting idea, it is not a replacement for Earth. We belong to the Earth and, more specifically, to the ocean that sustains us.
What is one thing you wish people knew about the oceans, having spent over 7,000 hours underwater and led over 100 expeditions?
I wish people understood that the ocean is a living system, not just a large body of saltwater. Our actions within the ocean impact the chemistry of both the ocean and the planet.
The consequences for planetary chemistry and security could soon result in drastic, uncontrollable changes. However, the world has not yet reached a point of no return. We see warning signs such as rising temperatures, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, and deforestation, all of which disrupt the carbon cycle. Overfishing also contributes to this disruption. We know what actions are necessary.
Why is it important to highlight “Hope Spots” through Mission Blue’s work, especially when many ecosystems are endangered?
The primary goal of the Hope Spot concept is to raise public awareness and encourage support for nature protection. It aims to emphasize the importance of the ocean and inspire individuals, communities, and institutions to protect specific areas they cherish.
The intention is to promote and support efforts to reverse environmental decline, one Hope Spot, community, and advocate at a time. This approach is infectious, inspiring people to seek ways to contribute.
What motivates you to continue diving as you approach 90?
Why stop? It’s important to continue pursuing your passions for as long as possible. With so much of Earth’s life-supporting regions still unexplored, how could I resist? I intend to continue as long as I am able. Wouldn’t you want to do the same?
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