Parvovirus B19, a respiratory virus known for causing a distinctive “slapped-cheek” rash, is becoming more prevalent in the U.S., according to an August 13 report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
While there’s no routine monitoring for parvovirus in the U.S., various signs indicate a widespread spread of the virus. Doctors have observed unusual occurrences of parvovirus-related complications in two high-risk groups: pregnant individuals and those with blood disorders. Furthermore, laboratory data from June suggest that approximately 10% of the U.S. population, and 40% of children aged 5 to 9, had antibodies in their blood, indicating a recent infection, according to the CDC’s alert.
Here’s a breakdown of what you need to know about parvovirus B19 as the virus spreads.
What is parvovirus B19?
Parvovirus is a common respiratory illness, with periodic “mini-outbreaks” occurring roughly every three to four years, according to the National Library of Medicine (NLM). In developed countries like the U.S., a significant majority of people contract the virus at some point in their lives, often during childhood. Up to 10% of children experience parvovirus by the age of 5, says the NLM, and roughly half of the population has been infected by age 20.
Parvovirus B19 is a virus that exclusively affects humans; it’s distinct from the canine parvovirus. Similar to other respiratory diseases, it spreads from person to person, typically through respiratory droplets released when an infected individual sneezes or coughs.
In most cases, parvovirus B19 infections are mild or even go unnoticed. When individuals develop symptoms, they usually start with fever, headache, cough, and sore throat. As the illness progresses, individuals may experience additional symptoms. The most noticeable late-stage symptom is a red facial rash, often referred to as a “slapped-cheek” rash, which is more common in children than adults. Some individuals might also develop a rash extending to the torso, limbs, and buttocks.
Patients with parvovirus may also develop joint pain as their illness progresses. Sometimes, according to the CDC, joint pain is the sole symptom experienced by adults, and it can persist for weeks or even months after infection.
Is parvovirus B19 serious?
Generally, healthy individuals recover from parvovirus without complications and don’t require treatment. However, complications are possible for certain groups.
Individuals with blood disorders or compromised immune systems might experience potentially serious anemia, a decrease in red blood cells, if they contract parvovirus, according to the CDC. Pregnant women who acquire the virus may transmit it to their fetus, potentially causing anemia in the fetus and increasing the risk of miscarriage or stillbirth. Individuals belonging to these categories should consult a doctor if they suspect they have parvovirus.
What should I do during the parvovirus B19 outbreak?
There is no vaccine to prevent the spread of parvovirus, so the best way to avoid infection is to wash your hands frequently, clean shared surfaces like doorknobs regularly, and avoid direct contact with someone who is sick with the virus. People are most contagious during the early stages of the illness, says the CDC. An individual is unlikely to be contagious by the time they develop a rash or joint pain.
During the current outbreak, the CDC recommends that individuals working in high-risk settings, such as schools and daycares, or those at high risk of complications, consider wearing a mask for additional protection.