An HPV diagnosis, while initially concerning, doesn’t automatically signify cancer. The virus is incredibly prevalent, affecting about 80% of individuals at some point. Most people clear the infection without ever realizing they had it, and even for those who don’t, cancer development is uncommon.
In women, HPV is often detected during routine cervical cancer screenings (HPV and Pap tests). Men may be unaware of an infection unless genital warts develop. Currently, routine HPV testing isn’t standard practice for men.
Numerous HPV types exist, with some posing a greater risk than others. HPV types 16 and 18 are high-risk, linked to most HPV-related cancers (cervical, vaginal, vulva, penile, anal, and head and neck). Types 6 and 11 are low-risk, associated with genital warts but not cancer.
HPV transmission occurs through direct genital contact, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Infection spikes occur in two age groups: under 25 and over 45, often coinciding with new sexual partners.
A positive HPV test in women doesn’t automatically indicate infidelity; the virus can lie dormant for years before reactivating.
Why you should get tested
An HPV diagnosis prompts further testing. It’s a signal for enhanced screening, not an immediate cause for panic. The follow-up depends on several factors.
Some labs identify high-risk types (16 and 18), while others don’t.
Follow-up considerations include age (clearance rates decrease with age), immune status (compromised immunity increases risk), and smoking (impairs immune response). Consult your doctor to determine the next steps.
If a woman has normal Pap smear results but a positive HPV test, retesting in a year may be recommended. The vast majority (90%) of HPV infections resolve within two years.
(Note: In some areas, testing order is reversed: HPV test first, then Pap smear if positive).
Persistent infection may lead to a colposcopy—a procedure involving a visual examination of the cervix after applying a vinegar solution to highlight abnormal cells. A biopsy might be taken for microscopic examination.
Progression from infection to cancer is typically slow. However, cervical cancer is preventable through regular screenings. Precancerous cells detected during Pap tests or colposcopy are treatable.
Protective measures you can take
Currently, there’s no cure for HPV, although genital warts are treatable. Safe sex practices are crucial for prevention, though condoms don’t offer complete protection. Smoking cessation is also important.
HPV vaccines, covering nine HPV types, are available and highly effective for prevention, but not for treatment. They’re typically given to young people before sexual activity, up to age 45.
While a therapeutic vaccine is under development, it’s not yet available. Even with an HPV diagnosis, vaccination might offer protection against other strains. Discuss vaccination and individual risk factors with your doctor.